These debates have also occurred in non-Anglophone literature and among non-Western cultures, only some of which can be addressed here. The concept of landscape itself has long been associated with aesthetics, which is also linked to cultural values, and can be observed in artistic activities such as landscape painting or the development of or conservation of existing landscapes. Major theories that link culture and landscape address how environments affect the development of cultures, how cultural activities impact environments, and how interactions in both directions are processed through perceptions and cultural values that are also linked to identity. Landscape approaches also tend to emphasize the visual, though places can be experienced through other senses. Concerns that the term “landscape” prioritizes terrestrial places have led to increasing use of terms such as “seascape” and “airscape,” though their usage is minimal in comparison. It is typically used to describe a distinctive combination of natural and cultural features, and often serves as the basic unit of analysis for social and natural science studies. The concept of “landscape” varies within and among disciplines, not to mention different languages. Human-landscape interactions, also often described as nature-society or human-environment interactions, is a topic examined by multiple disciplines and subdisciplines, including but not limited to geography, anthropology, ecology, human ecology, cultural ecology, political ecology, environmental sociology, environmental anthropology, and earth systems science. Environmental Ethics, Ecofeminism, and Environmental Justice.Political Economy and Critical Development Theory.Market Environmentalism and Ecological Economics.Population Pressures on the Environment.Explaining Social and Environmental Change.Methodology for Modeling Coupled Human-Environment Systems.Vulnerability and Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems.Human Interactions with Specific Earth Systems.Human Impacts and the Anthropocene: Overviews.Landscape Concepts in Non-Western Cultures.Human-Landscape Interactions in Non-Anglophone Literature.Landscape and Culture: Foundational Theories.Reviews of Landscape and Nature-Society Studies.
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